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Multiecho coarse voxel acquisition for neurofeedback fMRI.
"Real-time" functional magnetic resonance imaging is starting to be used in neurofeedback applications, enabling individuals to regulate their brain activity for therapeutic purposes. These applications use two-dimensional multislice echo planar or spiral readouts to image the entire brain volume, often with a much smaller region of interest within the brain monitored for feedback purposes. Given that such brain activity should be sampled rapidly, it is worthwhile considering alternative functional magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences that trade spatial resolution for temporal resolution. We developed a prototype sequence localizing a column of magnetization by outer volume saturation, from which densely sampled transverse relaxation time decays are obtained at coarse voxel locations using an asymmetric gradient echo train. For 5×20×20 mm3 voxels, 256 echoes are sampled at ~1 msec and then combined in weighted summation to increase functional magnetic resonance imaging signal contrast. This multiecho coarse voxel pulse sequence is shown experimentally at 1.5 T to provide the same signal contrast to noise ratio as obtained by spiral imaging for a primary motor cortex region of interest, but with potential for enhanced temporal resolution. A neurofeedback experiment also illustrates measurement and calculation of functional magnetic resonance imaging signals within 1 sec, emphasizing the future potential of the approach.
Magn Reson Med. 2011 Mar;65(3):715-24. doi: 10.1002/mrm.22674. Epub 2010 Nov 3. Kuo AY, Chiew M, Tam F, Cunningham C, Graham SJ. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
An addiction to legal or illegal drugs is probably the worst form of addiction that a person can experience. Any behavior that proves to substantially and rapidly change a person’s mental state and physiological feelings can and will lock the user into a further compulsion to repeat it. Drug abuse fit this description. Therefore, due to the combination of adverse mental and physical consequences, anyone seeking to end a drug addiction must seek professional help.
The physiological problems regarding drug abuse stem not only from the body becoming accustomed to favorable sensations....
According to be American psychiatric Association, a major depressive disorder is diagnosed when five or more specific symptoms exist for at least two weeks. The symptoms include constant sadness, irritability, hopelessness, feeling worthless or guilty for no reason, trouble sleeping, low energy or fatigue, and significantly change. As depression is widely considered more of a mental than physical problem generally there are no medical tests such as checking a patient's blood. However, recent revelations neurology may soon reveal physiological or genetic problems that are associated with...
When you look in the mirror, do you see you own worst critic? Yes, I know that you are aware of every failing, mistake, and goof that you’ve made during your life. Well, you are not alone. All of us see that person staring back at us. On the other hand, what you are probably not seeing are all the positive things that you have accomplished in your life. My favorite Christmas movie is It’s a Wonderful Life starring Jimmy Stewart and Donna Reid. For me the most memorable quote in the movie is when Clarence the angel sent to help the George Bailey, the main character who is played by...
